Notes
WINTER OPERATIONS
35
1 My grateful thanks to drs A.C. Meijer, drs. C.E. Heyning, and drs I.J. van Loo for their
constant encouragement and support in the preparation of this article. Their willingness
to discuss the issues, raise important questions and make helpful suggestions has been
invaluable. Any errors, of course, remain mine alone.
2 Gijs Rommelse, The Second Anglo-Dutch War: International Raison d'Etat, Mercantilism
and Maritime Strife. Hilversum, 2006; Ronald Prud'homme van Reine, Rechterhand van
Nederland. Biografie van Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter. Amsterdam/Antwerp, 2007.
3 Frank Fox, The Four Days' Battle of 1666: The Greatest Sea Fight of the Age of Sail.
Barnsley, 2009; P.G. Rogers, The Dutch in the Medway. London, 1970.
4 Pieter Geyl, The Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century: Part Two, 1648-1715. London,
1964, 95. Also quoted in Rogers, Dutch in the Medway, 132.
5 J.R. Jones, The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century. London, 1996.
6 For the naval arms race, see Jan Glete, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State
Building in Europe and America, 1500-1800. Stockholm Studies in History 48, Stock
holm, 1993, I, passim.
7 The British nomenclature of 'frigate' in the seventeenth century is particularly trouble
some, as - like some other maritime nomenclature - the meaning was evolving. For
clarification, see N.A.M. Rodger, Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain,
1649-1815. London, 2004, 216-217. Dutch usage of'frigate' was, by our period, as
given above.
8 Sources: British: (1665) R.C. Anderson (ed.), The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First
Earl of Sandwich, Admiral'and General at Sea, 1659-1665. London, 1929, 174-178;
(1666) J.D. Davies, Pepys's Navy: Ships, Men Warfare, 1649-1689. Barnsley, 2008, 41;
Frank Fox, Great Ships: The Battlefleet of King Charles II. Greenwich, 1980, 20. The
British classification was formally unchanged at these dates, but the de facto growth in
gunpower is shown. The Dutch did not have a formal rating system until 1682, but the
Amsterdam admiralty independently introduced one in November 1665. See J.C. de
Jonge, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen, 3"1 edn., Zwolle, 1869, I, 650,
citing [Nationaal Archief, The Hague [NA], Admiraliteits Archieven [AA] 1418].
Resolutiën Admiraliteit van Amsterdam [RAvA], 20 November 1665. The Dutch build
ing programme of December 1664 prescribed 3 rates. See The National Archives,
London [TNA], State Papers [SP] 84/173, f. 216. States General Resolution [RSG], 11
December 1664. These 2 systems are shown for comparison.
9 The preceding section is based principally on Glete, Navies and Nations, I, passim.
10 Jan Buisman, Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage landen. Franeker, 2000, IV,
591-593, 708,716.
11 Buisman, Duizend jaar weer, IV, 600-605.
12 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 18.
13 Zeeuws Archief [ZA], Staten van Zeeland [SvZ] 2154.2. Fleet Deputies to States
General, 13 March 1665.
14 Jones, Anglo-Dutch Wars, 17-18.
15 J.C. de Jonge, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen, 3rd edn., Zwolle, 1869, III,
17-19.
16 J.R. Bruijn, The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Columbia, SC,
1993, 56, 130. (My italics.) See also J.R. Bruijn, Varend Verleden. De Nederlandse marine
in de 17de en 18de eeuw. Amsterdam, 1998, 72, 164.
17 Glete, Navies and Nations, I, 99. (My emphasis.)
18 Glete, Navies and Nations, I, 42, 99, 247.
19 Jan Glete, Warfare at sea 1450-1815. In; Jeremy Black (ed.), War in the Early Modern
World. London, 1999, 31. (My italics.)
